Response to chemotherapy in patients with lung metastases: how many nodules should be measured?

Response to chemotherapy in patients with lung metastases: how many nodules should be measured?

OBJECTIVE With the introduction of cross-sectional imaging methods the number of lesions per patient that can be evaluated is frequently large and most oncologists and study protocols use only one lesion or a few 'representative' lesions to evaluate chemotherapy response. Intra-patient response variability can therefore affect evaluation reproducibility. This study evaluates intra-individual va...

How should tissue Doppler tracings be measured?

Tissue Doppler, an echocardiographic modality measuring velocities of solid cardiac structures by pulsed-wave or colour Doppler, after very early experiments was introduced clinically in the early 1990s and is one of the very few recent technical innovations in echocardiography to gain quick and near-ubiquitous clinical implementation. The most widely adopted application is the registration of ...

How many scientific papers should be retracted?

In European research today, mobility has become firmly entrenched as a pre requisite for a successful scientific career; however, the reasons behind this emphasis on scientific nomadism are far from obvious. It is all too common for science policy-makers and funding bodies to extol the seemingly endless virtues of mobility, but it nearly amounts to heresy to ponder the possibility that a move a...

How should access to antiretroviral treatment be measured?

How Should Plant Resistance to Herbivores Be Measured?

Plant resistance is normally defined as the heritable ability of plants to escape attacking enemies, partially or fully, thus minimizing the amount of damage experienced by the plant (Painter, 1951; Mitchell et al., 2016). Plant resistance is pivotal in preventing crop yield loss to herbivores, and, thus, it is important to breed for (Hill et al., 2012). As many national and intergovernmental b...